\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsthm,amssymb,amsmath}
\usepackage[left=2.5cm,right=2.5cm,bottom=2.5cm,top=2.5cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{lscape} 
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{xepersian}

%\setlength{\extrarowheight}{2pt}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.7}

\begin{document}

\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[t]
\caption*{جدول}
\lr{ 
\begin{tabular}{| c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c |} \hline
 $k$ & $t$ & $v$ & $\delta_{k} (t) $ & $\phi_k (t) $& $\alpha_v (t)$ & $ \alpha_{2,6} (t)$ & $\alpha_{2, 5} (t) $ & $\alpha_{2, 4} (t)$ & $\alpha_{2, 3} (t)$ & $\alpha_{2, 2} (t)$ &  $\alpha_{2, 1} (t)$ &  $\alpha_{2, 0} (t)$  \\ \hline
 6 & $\dfrac{9}{2}$ & $\dfrac{11}{2}$ & $- \dfrac{132165}{1973248}$ & $\dfrac{2921391}{1973248}$ & 1 & 0 & $\dfrac{2921391}{1973248}$ & $- \dfrac{6190635}{7892992}$ & $\dfrac{442079}{986624}$ & $- \dfrac{734085}{3946496}$ & $\dfrac{93115}{1973248}$ & $ - \dfrac{42859}{7892992}$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}

\end{document}